Product Description
Product Description
Product Parameters
| product | Nm148 Elastic Shaft Torsional Rubber HRC Coupling for 3D printing equipment |
| material | stainless steel , iron , aluminum ,bronze ,carbon steel ,brass etc . |
| size | ISO standard ,customer requirements |
| BORE | Finished bore, Pilot Bore, Special request |
| surface treatment | Carburizing and Quenching,Tempering ,Tooth suface high quenching Hardening,Tempering |
| Processing Method | Molding, Shaving, Hobbing, Drilling, Tapping, Reaming, Manual Chamfering, Grinding etc |
| Heat Treatment | Quenching & Tempering, Carburizing & Quenching, High-frequency Hardening, Carbonitriding…… |
| Package | Wooden Case/Container and pallet, or made-to-order |
| Certificate | ISO9001 ,SGS |
| Machining Process | Gear Hobbing, Gear Milling, Gear Shaping, Gear Broaching, Gear Shaving, Gear Grinding and Gear Lapping |
| Applications | Toy, Automotive, instrument, electrical equipment, household appliances, furniture, mechanical equipment,daily living equipment, electronic sports equipment, , sanitation machinery, market/ hotel equipment supplies, etc. |
| Testing Equipment | Rockwell hardness tester 500RA, Double mesh instrument HD-200B & 3102,Gear measurement center instrument CNC3906T and other High precision detection equipments |
workshop & equipment
Production process
Certifications
Our Advantages
1 . Prioritized Quality
2 .Integrity-based Management
3 .Service Orientation
4 .150+ advanced equipment
5 .10000+ square meter factory area
6 .200+ outstanding employees
7 .90% employees have more than 10 year- working experience in our factory
8 .36 technical staff
9 .certificate ISO 9001 , SGS
10 . Customization support
11 .Excellent after-sales service
shipping
sample orders delivery time:
10-15 working days as usual
15-20 working days in busy season
large order leading time :
20-30 working days as usual
30-40 working days in busy season
FAQ
1. why should you buy products from us not from other suppliers?
We are a 32 year-experience manufacturer on making the gear, specializing in manufacturing varieties of gears, such as helical gear ,bevel gear ,spur gear and grinding gear, gear shaft, timing pulley, rack, , timing pulley and other transmission parts . There are 150+ advanced equipment ,200+ excellent employees ,and 36 technical staff . what’s more ,we have got ISO9001 and SGS certificate .
2 .Do you accept small order?
If your order bearings are our standard size, we accept even 1pcs.
3 .How long is the delivery?
A: Small orders usually takes 10-15 working days,big order usually 20-35 days, depending on orders quantity and whether are standard size.
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
Maintaining and Preserving Rubber Coupling Performance
To ensure the longevity and optimal performance of rubber couplings, the following best practices should be observed:
- Regular Inspections: Perform visual inspections for signs of wear, cracks, or damage.
- Lubrication: Apply appropriate lubricants to minimize friction and extend rubber life.
- Alignment: Maintain proper alignment between connected shafts to prevent undue stress on the coupling.
- Temperature Control: Monitor operating temperatures to prevent overheating that can accelerate rubber degradation.
- Load Monitoring: Avoid overloading the coupling beyond its rated capacity.
- Vibration Analysis: Monitor vibration levels and address excessive vibrations promptly.
- Regular Maintenance: Follow manufacturer’s recommendations for maintenance schedules.
- Replacement: Replace worn or damaged rubber elements as needed.
By adhering to these practices, the performance and service life of rubber couplings can be effectively preserved.
Common Rubber Materials Used in Manufacturing Rubber Couplings
Various rubber materials are used in the manufacturing of rubber couplings, each chosen based on its specific properties and the intended application:
- Neoprene: Known for its oil and chemical resistance, neoprene rubber is used in couplings that require durability and resistance to harsh environments.
- Nitrile: Nitrile rubber offers excellent oil and fuel resistance, making it suitable for applications in machinery that involve contact with lubricants.
- Natural Rubber: Natural rubber provides good elasticity and flexibility, making it suitable for couplings requiring high levels of shock and vibration absorption.
- EPDM: Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) rubber offers good resistance to weather, ozone, and aging, making it suitable for outdoor or high-temperature applications.
- Polyurethane: Polyurethane rubber offers high abrasion resistance and can handle higher load capacities, making it suitable for heavy-duty applications.
The choice of rubber material depends on factors such as the operating environment, chemical exposure, temperature range, flexibility requirements, and load conditions. Engineers select the appropriate rubber material to ensure the coupling’s performance and longevity in specific applications.
Utilization of Rubber Couplings in Mechanical Systems
A rubber coupling is a type of flexible coupling that utilizes rubber elements to connect two shafts while allowing a certain degree of misalignment and vibration damping. It is commonly used in mechanical systems to transmit torque, accommodate misalignment, and reduce shock and vibration. Here’s how rubber couplings are utilized:
- Torque Transmission: Rubber couplings transmit torque from one shaft to another, enabling the transfer of power between components while allowing for slight angular, parallel, and axial misalignments.
- Misalignment Compensation: These couplings can accommodate both angular and axial misalignments, which can occur due to manufacturing tolerances, thermal expansion, or other factors. The flexibility of the rubber element helps prevent excessive loads on connected equipment.
- Vibration Damping: The elastic properties of rubber help dampen vibrations and shocks generated during the operation of rotating machinery. This prevents the transmission of harmful vibrations to other parts of the system and reduces wear and fatigue.
- Noise Reduction: Rubber couplings help reduce noise by absorbing vibrations and minimizing the transmission of sound waves through the system.
- Equipment Protection: By absorbing shocks and vibrations, rubber couplings protect sensitive equipment and components from damage, thereby extending their lifespan.
- Simple Installation: Rubber couplings are relatively easy to install and require minimal maintenance, making them a convenient choice for various applications.
- Wide Range of Applications: Rubber couplings find applications in various industries, including automotive, industrial machinery, pumps, compressors, and more.
In summary, rubber couplings are utilized in mechanical systems to transmit torque, accommodate misalignment, reduce vibration and shock, protect equipment, and enhance the overall performance and reliability of rotating machinery.
editor by CX 2024-05-16
China factory CNC Aluminum Elastic Rubber Spider Jaw Shaft Coupler GF14*22 20*25 25*30 40*50 Shaft Flexible Coupling Ball Screw Plum Coupling
Product Description
Product Description
Coupling Deatails
Name: High precision plum blossom
coupling Model: LM-Material: Aviation Aluminum Alloy
Working temperature: -40 ° C ~ 100 ° C
Support customization: Factory direct sales support customization.
Features:
1.Intermediate Elastomer Connection-Absorbs vibration, compensates for radial, angular, and axial 2.misalignment
3.Oil resistance and electrical insulation
4.Clockwise and counterclockwise rotation characteristics are identical-there are 3 different hardness 5.elastomer
6.Fixation by clamping screw.
|
Model parameter |
ΦD |
L |
LF |
LP |
F |
M |
Tightening screw torque |
|
(N.M) |
|||||||
|
GF-14X22 |
14 |
22 |
14.3 |
6.6 |
3.8 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X25 |
20 |
25 |
16.7 |
8.6 |
4 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X30 |
20 |
30 |
19.25 |
8.6 |
5.3 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X30 |
25 |
30 |
20.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X34 |
25 |
34 |
22.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X35 |
30 |
35 |
23 |
11.5 |
5.75 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X40 |
30 |
40 |
25.6 |
11.5 |
10 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-40X50 |
40 |
50 |
32.1 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X55 |
40 |
55 |
34.5 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X66 |
40 |
66 |
40 |
14.5 |
12.75 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-55X49 |
55 |
49 |
32 |
16.1 |
13.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-55X78 |
55 |
78 |
46.4 |
16.1 |
15.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-65X80 |
65 |
80 |
48.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
|
GF-65X90 |
65 |
90 |
53.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
Product Parameters
Detailed Photos
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
Suitability of Rubber Couplings for High-Speed Rotation and Varying Loads
Rubber couplings are generally well-suited for applications involving high-speed rotation and varying loads, thanks to their unique properties and design features.
High-Speed Rotation: Rubber couplings can effectively handle high-speed rotation due to their inherent flexibility and damping characteristics. The elastomeric material used in rubber couplings helps absorb and dissipate vibrations that can occur at high speeds, contributing to smoother operation and reduced wear on connected machinery components.
Varying Loads: Rubber couplings are capable of accommodating varying loads due to their ability to deform under stress. The flexibility of rubber allows it to absorb shocks and impacts caused by changes in load, preventing damage to connected equipment. This feature is particularly beneficial in applications where sudden changes in load can occur, such as in industrial machinery.
However, it’s important to consider the specific requirements of the application. While rubber couplings provide excellent vibration isolation and misalignment compensation, they may not offer the same level of torsional rigidity as some other coupling types. In cases where precise torque transmission is crucial, and minimal torsional deflection is required, other coupling options might be more suitable.
Overall, rubber couplings can provide reliable performance in applications involving high-speed rotation and varying loads, especially when the benefits of vibration damping and misalignment compensation are essential.
Signs of Wear or Deterioration in Rubber Couplings
Rubber couplings can show signs of wear and deterioration over time due to factors like torque, temperature, and environmental conditions. To identify potential issues, watch out for the following signs:
- Visible Cracks or Damage: Inspect the rubber element for visible cracks, tears, or physical damage. Such issues can weaken the coupling’s torque transmission and vibration damping capabilities.
- Reduced Flexibility: Stiff or less flexible rubber indicates material degradation, which can impact the coupling’s ability to accommodate misalignment and absorb vibrations.
- Increased Vibrations: Excessive machinery vibrations may suggest worn-out rubber couplings. Deterioration of the rubber diminishes its vibration dampening properties.
- Unusual Noises: Any unusual sounds like squeaking or knocking might point to improper rubber coupling function and the need for inspection.
- Altered Performance: Decline in machinery performance, such as reduced torque transmission or higher energy consumption, can indicate coupling wear.
Regular inspections, visual checks, vibration analysis, and performance monitoring can help detect wear and deterioration early. This enables timely replacement and avoids operational problems.
Utilization of Rubber Couplings in Mechanical Systems
A rubber coupling is a type of flexible coupling that utilizes rubber elements to connect two shafts while allowing a certain degree of misalignment and vibration damping. It is commonly used in mechanical systems to transmit torque, accommodate misalignment, and reduce shock and vibration. Here’s how rubber couplings are utilized:
- Torque Transmission: Rubber couplings transmit torque from one shaft to another, enabling the transfer of power between components while allowing for slight angular, parallel, and axial misalignments.
- Misalignment Compensation: These couplings can accommodate both angular and axial misalignments, which can occur due to manufacturing tolerances, thermal expansion, or other factors. The flexibility of the rubber element helps prevent excessive loads on connected equipment.
- Vibration Damping: The elastic properties of rubber help dampen vibrations and shocks generated during the operation of rotating machinery. This prevents the transmission of harmful vibrations to other parts of the system and reduces wear and fatigue.
- Noise Reduction: Rubber couplings help reduce noise by absorbing vibrations and minimizing the transmission of sound waves through the system.
- Equipment Protection: By absorbing shocks and vibrations, rubber couplings protect sensitive equipment and components from damage, thereby extending their lifespan.
- Simple Installation: Rubber couplings are relatively easy to install and require minimal maintenance, making them a convenient choice for various applications.
- Wide Range of Applications: Rubber couplings find applications in various industries, including automotive, industrial machinery, pumps, compressors, and more.
In summary, rubber couplings are utilized in mechanical systems to transmit torque, accommodate misalignment, reduce vibration and shock, protect equipment, and enhance the overall performance and reliability of rotating machinery.
editor by CX 2024-05-06
China Good quality CNC Aluminum Elastic Rubber Spider Jaw Shaft Coupler GF14*22 20*25 25*30 40*50 Shaft Flexible Coupling Ball Screw Plum Coupling
Product Description
Product Description
Coupling Deatails
Name: High precision plum blossom
coupling Model: LM-Material: Aviation Aluminum Alloy
Working temperature: -40 ° C ~ 100 ° C
Support customization: Factory direct sales support customization.
Features:
1.Intermediate Elastomer Connection-Absorbs vibration, compensates for radial, angular, and axial 2.misalignment
3.Oil resistance and electrical insulation
4.Clockwise and counterclockwise rotation characteristics are identical-there are 3 different hardness 5.elastomer
6.Fixation by clamping screw.
|
Model parameter |
ΦD |
L |
LF |
LP |
F |
M |
Tightening screw torque |
|
(N.M) |
|||||||
|
GF-14X22 |
14 |
22 |
14.3 |
6.6 |
3.8 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X25 |
20 |
25 |
16.7 |
8.6 |
4 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X30 |
20 |
30 |
19.25 |
8.6 |
5.3 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X30 |
25 |
30 |
20.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X34 |
25 |
34 |
22.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X35 |
30 |
35 |
23 |
11.5 |
5.75 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X40 |
30 |
40 |
25.6 |
11.5 |
10 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-40X50 |
40 |
50 |
32.1 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X55 |
40 |
55 |
34.5 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X66 |
40 |
66 |
40 |
14.5 |
12.75 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-55X49 |
55 |
49 |
32 |
16.1 |
13.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-55X78 |
55 |
78 |
46.4 |
16.1 |
15.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-65X80 |
65 |
80 |
48.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
|
GF-65X90 |
65 |
90 |
53.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
Product Parameters
Detailed Photos
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
Maintaining and Preserving Rubber Coupling Performance
To ensure the longevity and optimal performance of rubber couplings, the following best practices should be observed:
- Regular Inspections: Perform visual inspections for signs of wear, cracks, or damage.
- Lubrication: Apply appropriate lubricants to minimize friction and extend rubber life.
- Alignment: Maintain proper alignment between connected shafts to prevent undue stress on the coupling.
- Temperature Control: Monitor operating temperatures to prevent overheating that can accelerate rubber degradation.
- Load Monitoring: Avoid overloading the coupling beyond its rated capacity.
- Vibration Analysis: Monitor vibration levels and address excessive vibrations promptly.
- Regular Maintenance: Follow manufacturer’s recommendations for maintenance schedules.
- Replacement: Replace worn or damaged rubber elements as needed.
By adhering to these practices, the performance and service life of rubber couplings can be effectively preserved.
Handling Torque and Vibration Suppression in Rubber Couplings
Rubber couplings are designed to effectively handle both high levels of torque transmission and vibration suppression. The flexibility and damping properties of rubber make it well-suited for these purposes:
- Torque Transmission: Rubber couplings can transmit torque between shafts while accommodating angular misalignment. The rubber element flexes and deforms as torque is applied, allowing the coupling to transmit power even in misaligned conditions.
- Vibration Suppression: Rubber’s inherent damping characteristics help absorb and dissipate vibrations and shocks generated during the operation of machinery. This feature reduces the transfer of vibrations to connected components, minimizing wear and enhancing overall system performance.
Engineers select the appropriate rubber material and coupling design to ensure that the coupling can effectively handle the required torque levels and provide the desired vibration suppression. Rubber couplings find applications in various industries where torque transmission and vibration damping are critical for smooth and reliable machinery operation.
Role of Rubber Flexibility in Accommodating Misalignment
Rubber couplings are designed with a flexible element, usually made of elastomers, that plays a crucial role in accommodating misalignment between connected shafts. The flexibility of the rubber element allows it to deform and absorb angular, axial, and radial misalignments, providing several benefits:
1. Angular Misalignment: When the input and output shafts are not perfectly aligned in terms of angle, the rubber element can flex and twist, allowing the coupling to transmit torque even when the axes are not parallel.
2. Axial Misalignment: Axial misalignment occurs when the shafts move closer together or farther apart along their axis. The rubber element can compress or extend, adjusting the distance between the shafts without hindering torque transfer.
3. Radial Misalignment: Radial misalignment refers to the offset between the centers of the shafts. The rubber element can bend in response to radial displacement, ensuring that the coupling remains operational while accommodating the offset.
This flexibility not only enables the rubber coupling to handle misalignment but also helps prevent excessive stress on the connected machinery. By absorbing shock loads and distributing forces, the rubber element reduces wear and tear on components and minimizes the risk of premature failure.
In essence, the rubber’s flexibility in the coupling acts as a buffer against misalignment-induced stresses, contributing to smoother operation, improved longevity, and reduced maintenance in mechanical systems.
editor by CX 2024-04-29
China manufacturer CNC Aluminum Elastic Rubber Spider Jaw Shaft Coupler GF14*22 20*25 25*30 40*50 Shaft Flexible Coupling Ball Screw Plum Coupling
Product Description
Product Description
Coupling Deatails
Name: High precision plum blossom
coupling Model: LM-Material: Aviation Aluminum Alloy
Working temperature: -40 ° C ~ 100 ° C
Support customization: Factory direct sales support customization.
Features:
1.Intermediate Elastomer Connection-Absorbs vibration, compensates for radial, angular, and axial 2.misalignment
3.Oil resistance and electrical insulation
4.Clockwise and counterclockwise rotation characteristics are identical-there are 3 different hardness 5.elastomer
6.Fixation by clamping screw.
|
Model parameter |
ΦD |
L |
LF |
LP |
F |
M |
Tightening screw torque |
|
(N.M) |
|||||||
|
GF-14X22 |
14 |
22 |
14.3 |
6.6 |
3.8 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X25 |
20 |
25 |
16.7 |
8.6 |
4 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X30 |
20 |
30 |
19.25 |
8.6 |
5.3 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X30 |
25 |
30 |
20.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X34 |
25 |
34 |
22.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X35 |
30 |
35 |
23 |
11.5 |
5.75 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X40 |
30 |
40 |
25.6 |
11.5 |
10 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-40X50 |
40 |
50 |
32.1 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X55 |
40 |
55 |
34.5 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X66 |
40 |
66 |
40 |
14.5 |
12.75 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-55X49 |
55 |
49 |
32 |
16.1 |
13.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-55X78 |
55 |
78 |
46.4 |
16.1 |
15.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-65X80 |
65 |
80 |
48.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
|
GF-65X90 |
65 |
90 |
53.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
Product Parameters
Detailed Photos
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
Diagnosing and Troubleshooting Rubber Coupling Issues
Diagnosing and troubleshooting problems with rubber couplings in machinery systems involves a systematic approach:
- Visual Inspection: Check for signs of wear, cracking, or deformation in the rubber elements.
- Vibration Analysis: Monitor vibration levels using sensors to identify excessive vibrations or irregular patterns.
- Noise Assessment: Listen for unusual noises during operation, which could indicate misalignment or worn components.
- Temperature Check: Monitor the operating temperature of the coupling, as overheating might indicate issues.
- Alignment Check: Ensure proper alignment between connected shafts to prevent excessive stress on the coupling.
- Torque Measurement: Measure the transmitted torque to identify any discrepancies from the expected values.
- Dynamic Testing: Conduct dynamic tests with load variations to identify performance issues.
- Comparative Analysis: Compare coupling behavior to baseline performance data.
If any issues are identified, they should be promptly addressed through proper maintenance, realignment, or replacement of damaged components.
Handling Torque and Vibration Suppression in Rubber Couplings
Rubber couplings are designed to effectively handle both high levels of torque transmission and vibration suppression. The flexibility and damping properties of rubber make it well-suited for these purposes:
- Torque Transmission: Rubber couplings can transmit torque between shafts while accommodating angular misalignment. The rubber element flexes and deforms as torque is applied, allowing the coupling to transmit power even in misaligned conditions.
- Vibration Suppression: Rubber’s inherent damping characteristics help absorb and dissipate vibrations and shocks generated during the operation of machinery. This feature reduces the transfer of vibrations to connected components, minimizing wear and enhancing overall system performance.
Engineers select the appropriate rubber material and coupling design to ensure that the coupling can effectively handle the required torque levels and provide the desired vibration suppression. Rubber couplings find applications in various industries where torque transmission and vibration damping are critical for smooth and reliable machinery operation.
Challenges of Misaligned Rubber Couplings and Their Resolution
Misaligned rubber couplings can lead to several challenges that impact the performance and reliability of machinery. These challenges include:
1. Reduced Efficiency: Misalignment can result in increased friction, causing energy loss and reduced efficiency in power transmission.
2. Increased Wear: Misaligned rubber couplings can cause uneven wear on the coupling’s rubber element and other connected components, leading to premature failure.
3. Vibrations and Noise: Misalignment can cause vibrations and noise, which not only affect the machinery’s operation but also contribute to discomfort for operators.
4. Overloading: Misalignment can lead to uneven loading on the coupling and connected components, potentially causing overloading and damage.
5. Premature Failure: Continuous operation with misaligned couplings can accelerate wear and fatigue, leading to premature failure of the coupling and other components.
To resolve these challenges, proper alignment practices are crucial:
1. Regular Maintenance: Perform routine inspections to identify misalignment and other issues early, allowing for timely adjustments.
2. Precise Installation: Ensure accurate alignment during the installation process to prevent initial misalignment.
3. Laser Alignment: Use laser alignment tools for accurate and reliable alignment between shafts.
4. Corrective Measures: If misalignment is detected, take corrective actions promptly to restore proper alignment.
5. Balancing Loads: Distribute loads evenly across the coupling and connected components to prevent overloading.
By addressing misalignment challenges proactively and adopting appropriate maintenance practices, the longevity and performance of rubber couplings can be significantly improved, minimizing downtime and maintenance costs in industrial applications.
editor by CX 2024-04-24
China Custom CNC Aluminum Elastic Rubber Spider Jaw Shaft Coupler GF14*22 20*25 25*30 40*50 Shaft Flexible Coupling Ball Screw Plum Coupling
Product Description
Product Description
Coupling Deatails
Name: High precision plum blossom
coupling Model: LM-Material: Aviation Aluminum Alloy
Working temperature: -40 ° C ~ 100 ° C
Support customization: Factory direct sales support customization.
Features:
1.Intermediate Elastomer Connection-Absorbs vibration, compensates for radial, angular, and axial 2.misalignment
3.Oil resistance and electrical insulation
4.Clockwise and counterclockwise rotation characteristics are identical-there are 3 different hardness 5.elastomer
6.Fixation by clamping screw.
|
Model parameter |
ΦD |
L |
LF |
LP |
F |
M |
Tightening screw torque |
|
(N.M) |
|||||||
|
GF-14X22 |
14 |
22 |
14.3 |
6.6 |
3.8 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X25 |
20 |
25 |
16.7 |
8.6 |
4 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X30 |
20 |
30 |
19.25 |
8.6 |
5.3 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X30 |
25 |
30 |
20.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X34 |
25 |
34 |
22.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X35 |
30 |
35 |
23 |
11.5 |
5.75 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X40 |
30 |
40 |
25.6 |
11.5 |
10 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-40X50 |
40 |
50 |
32.1 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X55 |
40 |
55 |
34.5 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X66 |
40 |
66 |
40 |
14.5 |
12.75 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-55X49 |
55 |
49 |
32 |
16.1 |
13.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-55X78 |
55 |
78 |
46.4 |
16.1 |
15.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-65X80 |
65 |
80 |
48.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
|
GF-65X90 |
65 |
90 |
53.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
Product Parameters
Detailed Photos
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
Minimizing Resonance and Improving Machinery Performance with Rubber Couplings
A rubber coupling can play a significant role in minimizing resonance and enhancing the overall performance of machinery by effectively damping vibrations and reducing the risk of resonance-related issues. Resonance is a phenomenon where a mechanical system’s natural frequency matches the frequency of external vibrations, leading to amplified oscillations and potential damage.
The following ways illustrate how rubber couplings contribute to minimizing resonance and improving machinery performance:
- Vibration Damping: Rubber couplings utilize the inherent damping properties of elastomers to absorb and dissipate vibrations generated during operation. These vibrations can include those caused by unbalanced loads, eccentricities, or other disturbances. By damping these vibrations, rubber couplings prevent them from building up and causing resonance.
- Vibration Isolation: Rubber couplings act as isolators by decoupling the connected components from each other. This isolation prevents vibrations from being transmitted directly from one component to another, thereby reducing the potential for resonance to occur.
- Misalignment Compensation: Rubber couplings can accommodate misalignments between shafts, which often contribute to excessive vibrations. By allowing a certain degree of misalignment, the coupling prevents additional forces that could trigger resonance.
- Reduced Stiffness: The flexibility of the elastomer elements in rubber couplings can reduce the overall stiffness of the system. A lower stiffness helps avoid the amplification of resonance by allowing some deformation of the coupling under varying loads and conditions.
- Dynamic Absorption: Rubber couplings are effective at absorbing dynamic loads, including sudden shocks or impacts. These dynamic events can excite resonance, and the coupling’s ability to absorb and disperse such forces helps prevent resonance-related issues.
By effectively dampening vibrations, isolating components, and accommodating misalignments, rubber couplings can help minimize the risk of resonance-related problems. Engineers and designers must carefully select the appropriate rubber coupling type, elastomer material, and design to match the specific machinery and operating conditions, thereby ensuring improved machinery performance and longevity.
Common Rubber Materials Used in Manufacturing Rubber Couplings
Various rubber materials are used in the manufacturing of rubber couplings, each chosen based on its specific properties and the intended application:
- Neoprene: Known for its oil and chemical resistance, neoprene rubber is used in couplings that require durability and resistance to harsh environments.
- Nitrile: Nitrile rubber offers excellent oil and fuel resistance, making it suitable for applications in machinery that involve contact with lubricants.
- Natural Rubber: Natural rubber provides good elasticity and flexibility, making it suitable for couplings requiring high levels of shock and vibration absorption.
- EPDM: Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) rubber offers good resistance to weather, ozone, and aging, making it suitable for outdoor or high-temperature applications.
- Polyurethane: Polyurethane rubber offers high abrasion resistance and can handle higher load capacities, making it suitable for heavy-duty applications.
The choice of rubber material depends on factors such as the operating environment, chemical exposure, temperature range, flexibility requirements, and load conditions. Engineers select the appropriate rubber material to ensure the coupling’s performance and longevity in specific applications.
Role of Rubber Flexibility in Accommodating Misalignment
Rubber couplings are designed with a flexible element, usually made of elastomers, that plays a crucial role in accommodating misalignment between connected shafts. The flexibility of the rubber element allows it to deform and absorb angular, axial, and radial misalignments, providing several benefits:
1. Angular Misalignment: When the input and output shafts are not perfectly aligned in terms of angle, the rubber element can flex and twist, allowing the coupling to transmit torque even when the axes are not parallel.
2. Axial Misalignment: Axial misalignment occurs when the shafts move closer together or farther apart along their axis. The rubber element can compress or extend, adjusting the distance between the shafts without hindering torque transfer.
3. Radial Misalignment: Radial misalignment refers to the offset between the centers of the shafts. The rubber element can bend in response to radial displacement, ensuring that the coupling remains operational while accommodating the offset.
This flexibility not only enables the rubber coupling to handle misalignment but also helps prevent excessive stress on the connected machinery. By absorbing shock loads and distributing forces, the rubber element reduces wear and tear on components and minimizes the risk of premature failure.
In essence, the rubber’s flexibility in the coupling acts as a buffer against misalignment-induced stresses, contributing to smoother operation, improved longevity, and reduced maintenance in mechanical systems.
editor by CX 2024-04-17
China wholesaler CNC Aluminum Elastic Rubber Spider Jaw Shaft Coupler GF14*22 20*25 25*30 40*50 Shaft Flexible Coupling Ball Screw Plum Coupling
Product Description
Product Description
Coupling Deatails
Name: High precision plum blossom
coupling Model: LM-Material: Aviation Aluminum Alloy
Working temperature: -40 ° C ~ 100 ° C
Support customization: Factory direct sales support customization.
Features:
1.Intermediate Elastomer Connection-Absorbs vibration, compensates for radial, angular, and axial 2.misalignment
3.Oil resistance and electrical insulation
4.Clockwise and counterclockwise rotation characteristics are identical-there are 3 different hardness 5.elastomer
6.Fixation by clamping screw.
|
Model parameter |
ΦD |
L |
LF |
LP |
F |
M |
Tightening screw torque |
|
(N.M) |
|||||||
|
GF-14X22 |
14 |
22 |
14.3 |
6.6 |
3.8 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X25 |
20 |
25 |
16.7 |
8.6 |
4 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X30 |
20 |
30 |
19.25 |
8.6 |
5.3 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X30 |
25 |
30 |
20.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X34 |
25 |
34 |
22.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X35 |
30 |
35 |
23 |
11.5 |
5.75 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X40 |
30 |
40 |
25.6 |
11.5 |
10 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-40X50 |
40 |
50 |
32.1 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X55 |
40 |
55 |
34.5 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X66 |
40 |
66 |
40 |
14.5 |
12.75 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-55X49 |
55 |
49 |
32 |
16.1 |
13.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-55X78 |
55 |
78 |
46.4 |
16.1 |
15.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-65X80 |
65 |
80 |
48.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
|
GF-65X90 |
65 |
90 |
53.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
Product Parameters
Detailed Photos
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
Impact of Elastomer Element Design on Rubber Coupling Performance
The design of the elastomer elements in a rubber coupling plays a critical role in determining its overall performance and capabilities. The elastomer elements are the heart of the coupling, responsible for transmitting torque, absorbing vibrations, and accommodating misalignments. The following aspects of elastomer element design significantly impact the coupling’s performance:
- Elastomer Material: The choice of elastomer material influences the coupling’s flexibility, damping characteristics, and resistance to wear. Different elastomers offer varying levels of resilience, chemical resistance, and temperature tolerance. Common elastomers used include natural rubber, synthetic rubber compounds, and polyurethane.
- Elastomer Hardness (Durometer): The durometer hardness of the elastomer affects its flexibility and ability to absorb vibrations. Softer elastomers have higher damping capabilities but may offer less torsional stiffness. Harder elastomers provide better torque transmission but may have reduced vibration isolation.
- Elastomer Shape and Geometry: The shape and geometry of the elastomer elements influence their flexibility and deformation characteristics. Different designs, such as cylindrical, star-shaped, or spider-shaped elements, affect the coupling’s ability to accommodate misalignments and transmit torque smoothly.
- Elastomer Bonding: The way the elastomer is bonded to the coupling’s hubs or inserts impacts the coupling’s overall durability and reliability. Proper bonding ensures that the elastomer effectively transfers torque and maintains its properties over time.
- Elastomer Properties Over Temperature: Elastomers can exhibit changes in performance with temperature fluctuations. Understanding how the chosen elastomer material behaves at different temperatures is essential for applications with varying operating conditions.
The design of the elastomer elements is a delicate balance between providing flexibility for vibration isolation and misalignment compensation while ensuring adequate torque transmission and overall coupling stiffness. Engineers must carefully select elastomer materials and design features based on the specific requirements of the application to achieve optimal coupling performance.
Handling Torque and Vibration Suppression in Rubber Couplings
Rubber couplings are designed to effectively handle both high levels of torque transmission and vibration suppression. The flexibility and damping properties of rubber make it well-suited for these purposes:
- Torque Transmission: Rubber couplings can transmit torque between shafts while accommodating angular misalignment. The rubber element flexes and deforms as torque is applied, allowing the coupling to transmit power even in misaligned conditions.
- Vibration Suppression: Rubber’s inherent damping characteristics help absorb and dissipate vibrations and shocks generated during the operation of machinery. This feature reduces the transfer of vibrations to connected components, minimizing wear and enhancing overall system performance.
Engineers select the appropriate rubber material and coupling design to ensure that the coupling can effectively handle the required torque levels and provide the desired vibration suppression. Rubber couplings find applications in various industries where torque transmission and vibration damping are critical for smooth and reliable machinery operation.
Types of Rubber Couplings Designed for Specific Uses
There are several types of rubber couplings, each designed with specific characteristics to suit various applications:
- Flexible Jaw Couplings: These couplings consist of two hubs connected by a flexible rubber element. They are commonly used in applications where misalignment, vibrations, and shocks need to be dampened, such as in pumps, fans, and compressors.
- Oldham Couplings: Oldham couplings use a rubber disk as the intermediate element between two hubs. They provide compensation for misalignment while maintaining a constant velocity between input and output shafts, often used in printing, packaging, and CNC machinery.
- Tyre Couplings: These couplings have a high degree of torsional flexibility and are suitable for applications with substantial misalignment and shock absorption requirements, like in heavy-duty machinery and construction equipment.
- Pin and Bush Couplings: These couplings use rubber bushes to provide vibration isolation and accommodate misalignment. They are used in various industrial applications, including conveyors, mixers, and crushers.
- Diaphragm Couplings: Diaphragm couplings use a flexible rubber diaphragm to transmit torque and compensate for misalignment. They are commonly found in precision equipment like servo motors and robotics.
Each type of rubber coupling is designed to address specific needs in different applications. The choice of coupling depends on factors such as the degree of misalignment, torque requirements, shock absorption, and the level of precision needed.
editor by CX 2024-04-12
China OEM CNC Aluminum Elastic Rubber Spider Jaw Shaft Coupler GF14*22 20*25 25*30 40*50 Shaft Flexible Coupling Ball Screw Plum Coupling
Product Description
Product Description
Coupling Deatails
Name: High precision plum blossom
coupling Model: LM-Material: Aviation Aluminum Alloy
Working temperature: -40 ° C ~ 100 ° C
Support customization: Factory direct sales support customization.
Features:
1.Intermediate Elastomer Connection-Absorbs vibration, compensates for radial, angular, and axial 2.misalignment
3.Oil resistance and electrical insulation
4.Clockwise and counterclockwise rotation characteristics are identical-there are 3 different hardness 5.elastomer
6.Fixation by clamping screw.
|
Model parameter |
ΦD |
L |
LF |
LP |
F |
M |
Tightening screw torque |
|
(N.M) |
|||||||
|
GF-14X22 |
14 |
22 |
14.3 |
6.6 |
3.8 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X25 |
20 |
25 |
16.7 |
8.6 |
4 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X30 |
20 |
30 |
19.25 |
8.6 |
5.3 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X30 |
25 |
30 |
20.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X34 |
25 |
34 |
22.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X35 |
30 |
35 |
23 |
11.5 |
5.75 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X40 |
30 |
40 |
25.6 |
11.5 |
10 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-40X50 |
40 |
50 |
32.1 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X55 |
40 |
55 |
34.5 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X66 |
40 |
66 |
40 |
14.5 |
12.75 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-55X49 |
55 |
49 |
32 |
16.1 |
13.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-55X78 |
55 |
78 |
46.4 |
16.1 |
15.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-65X80 |
65 |
80 |
48.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
|
GF-65X90 |
65 |
90 |
53.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
Product Parameters
Detailed Photos
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
Durometer Hardness in Rubber Coupling Materials
Durometer hardness is a measure of the material’s resistance to indentation or penetration by a specified indenter. In rubber couplings, durometer hardness is a critical characteristic that influences their performance. It is typically measured using a durometer instrument.
The durometer hardness scale commonly used for rubber materials is the Shore durometer scale, indicated by a letter followed by a numerical value (e.g., Shore A, Shore D). Lower durometer values indicate softer and more flexible rubber, while higher values indicate harder and less flexible rubber.
In relation to rubber couplings:
- Higher Durometer (Harder Rubber): Couplings made from harder rubber materials have better torque transmission capabilities and higher load-bearing capacity. However, they may offer less vibration isolation and misalignment compensation.
- Lower Durometer (Softer Rubber): Couplings made from softer rubber materials provide greater flexibility, vibration damping, and misalignment compensation. They are suitable for applications where vibration reduction is crucial.
The choice of durometer hardness depends on the specific requirements of the application, including torque levels, vibration, misalignment, and desired performance characteristics.
Industries and Applications of Rubber Couplings
Rubber couplings are widely utilized in various industries and applications where their unique characteristics are beneficial. Some examples include:
- Automotive: Rubber couplings are commonly used in automotive drivetrains to connect the engine to the transmission and other components. They help absorb engine vibrations and shocks, enhancing passenger comfort.
- Pumping Systems: Rubber couplings find applications in pumps and fluid handling systems, where they dampen vibrations and reduce wear on connected equipment.
- Material Handling: Conveyor systems and material handling equipment use rubber couplings to minimize vibrations and shock loads during the movement of materials.
- Industrial Machinery: Rubber couplings are employed in various types of industrial machinery, such as compressors, generators, and gearboxes, to ensure smooth torque transmission and vibration isolation.
- Marine: In marine applications, rubber couplings connect propulsion systems and power transmission components, contributing to the overall reliability and performance of vessels.
- Renewable Energy: Wind turbines and solar tracking systems utilize rubber couplings to absorb dynamic loads and vibrations caused by changing wind conditions.
These examples highlight the versatility and importance of rubber couplings in maintaining efficient and reliable operation across a wide range of industries and applications.
Transmitting Torque and Damping Vibrations with a Rubber Coupling
A rubber coupling utilizes its flexible rubber element to achieve both torque transmission and vibration damping:
1. Torque Transmission: The rubber element connects two hubs, which are attached to the input and output shafts. As the input shaft rotates, it causes the rubber element to deform due to the applied torque. This deformation creates a shearing action within the rubber material, transmitting torque from the input to the output shaft.
2. Vibration Damping: The flexible rubber element of the coupling acts as a vibration isolator. When the coupling experiences external vibrations or shocks, the rubber absorbs the energy and dampens the vibrations before they reach the output shaft. The rubber’s elasticity and damping properties help mitigate vibrations and reduce the impact on the connected machinery, enhancing overall system performance and longevity.
This combination of torque transmission and vibration damping makes rubber couplings suitable for applications where misalignment compensation, shock absorption, and dampening of vibrations are essential, such as in pumps, compressors, HVAC systems, and various industrial machinery.
editor by CX 2024-04-08
China Hot selling CNC Aluminum Elastic Rubber Spider Jaw Shaft Coupler GF14*22 20*25 25*30 40*50 Shaft Flexible Coupling Ball Screw Plum Coupling
Product Description
Product Description
Coupling Deatails
Name: High precision plum blossom
coupling Model: LM-Material: Aviation Aluminum Alloy
Working temperature: -40 ° C ~ 100 ° C
Support customization: Factory direct sales support customization.
Features:
1.Intermediate Elastomer Connection-Absorbs vibration, compensates for radial, angular, and axial 2.misalignment
3.Oil resistance and electrical insulation
4.Clockwise and counterclockwise rotation characteristics are identical-there are 3 different hardness 5.elastomer
6.Fixation by clamping screw.
|
Model parameter |
ΦD |
L |
LF |
LP |
F |
M |
Tightening screw torque |
|
(N.M) |
|||||||
|
GF-14X22 |
14 |
22 |
14.3 |
6.6 |
3.8 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X25 |
20 |
25 |
16.7 |
8.6 |
4 |
M 3 |
0.7 |
|
GF-20X30 |
20 |
30 |
19.25 |
8.6 |
5.3 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X30 |
25 |
30 |
20.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-25X34 |
25 |
34 |
22.82 |
11.6 |
5.6 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X35 |
30 |
35 |
23 |
11.5 |
5.75 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-30X40 |
30 |
40 |
25.6 |
11.5 |
10 |
M 4 |
1.7 |
|
GF-40X50 |
40 |
50 |
32.1 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X55 |
40 |
55 |
34.5 |
14.5 |
10 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-40X66 |
40 |
66 |
40 |
14.5 |
12.75 |
M 5 |
4 |
|
GF-55X49 |
55 |
49 |
32 |
16.1 |
13.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-55X78 |
55 |
78 |
46.4 |
16.1 |
15.5 |
M 6 |
8.4 |
|
GF-65X80 |
65 |
80 |
48.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
|
GF-65X90 |
65 |
90 |
53.5 |
17.3 |
18.1 |
M 8 |
10.5 |
Product Parameters
Detailed Photos
/* January 22, 2571 19:08:37 */!function(){function s(e,r){var a,o={};try{e&&e.split(“,”).forEach(function(e,t){e&&(a=e.match(/(.*?):(.*)$/))&&1
Recent Advancements in Rubber Coupling Technology
In recent years, rubber coupling technology has seen several advancements aimed at improving performance, durability, and overall efficiency:
- Enhanced Rubber Compounds: Development of advanced rubber compounds with improved resistance to wear, heat, chemicals, and environmental conditions.
- Advanced Manufacturing Techniques: Utilization of innovative manufacturing processes like injection molding and vulcanization to create couplings with consistent quality and higher precision.
- Improved Design: Integration of advanced design techniques and computer simulations to optimize the shape and characteristics of rubber elements, resulting in enhanced flexibility and damping properties.
- Customization: Increasing focus on offering customizable rubber couplings to meet specific application requirements and environmental conditions.
- Smart Couplings: Incorporation of sensors and monitoring systems into rubber couplings, allowing real-time tracking of coupling performance and condition.
These advancements have led to rubber couplings that offer better torque transmission, improved vibration isolation, longer service life, and reduced maintenance needs.
Handling Torque and Vibration Suppression in Rubber Couplings
Rubber couplings are designed to effectively handle both high levels of torque transmission and vibration suppression. The flexibility and damping properties of rubber make it well-suited for these purposes:
- Torque Transmission: Rubber couplings can transmit torque between shafts while accommodating angular misalignment. The rubber element flexes and deforms as torque is applied, allowing the coupling to transmit power even in misaligned conditions.
- Vibration Suppression: Rubber’s inherent damping characteristics help absorb and dissipate vibrations and shocks generated during the operation of machinery. This feature reduces the transfer of vibrations to connected components, minimizing wear and enhancing overall system performance.
Engineers select the appropriate rubber material and coupling design to ensure that the coupling can effectively handle the required torque levels and provide the desired vibration suppression. Rubber couplings find applications in various industries where torque transmission and vibration damping are critical for smooth and reliable machinery operation.
Challenges of Misaligned Rubber Couplings and Their Resolution
Misaligned rubber couplings can lead to several challenges that impact the performance and reliability of machinery. These challenges include:
1. Reduced Efficiency: Misalignment can result in increased friction, causing energy loss and reduced efficiency in power transmission.
2. Increased Wear: Misaligned rubber couplings can cause uneven wear on the coupling’s rubber element and other connected components, leading to premature failure.
3. Vibrations and Noise: Misalignment can cause vibrations and noise, which not only affect the machinery’s operation but also contribute to discomfort for operators.
4. Overloading: Misalignment can lead to uneven loading on the coupling and connected components, potentially causing overloading and damage.
5. Premature Failure: Continuous operation with misaligned couplings can accelerate wear and fatigue, leading to premature failure of the coupling and other components.
To resolve these challenges, proper alignment practices are crucial:
1. Regular Maintenance: Perform routine inspections to identify misalignment and other issues early, allowing for timely adjustments.
2. Precise Installation: Ensure accurate alignment during the installation process to prevent initial misalignment.
3. Laser Alignment: Use laser alignment tools for accurate and reliable alignment between shafts.
4. Corrective Measures: If misalignment is detected, take corrective actions promptly to restore proper alignment.
5. Balancing Loads: Distribute loads evenly across the coupling and connected components to prevent overloading.
By addressing misalignment challenges proactively and adopting appropriate maintenance practices, the longevity and performance of rubber couplings can be significantly improved, minimizing downtime and maintenance costs in industrial applications.
editor by CX 2024-03-30